{"id":36,"date":"2023-05-20T04:19:11","date_gmt":"2023-05-20T04:19:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/?p=36"},"modified":"2023-05-20T04:21:17","modified_gmt":"2023-05-20T04:21:17","slug":"unsaturated-of-fatty-acids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/2023\/05\/20\/unsaturated-of-fatty-acids\/","title":{"rendered":"Unsaturated of fatty acids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The term unsaturated<\/em> indicates that fewer than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms are bonded to each carbon in the molecule. The number of double bonds is indicated by the generic name\u2014monounsaturated<\/em> for molecules with one double bond or polyunsaturated<\/em> for molecules with two or more double bonds. Oleic acid is an example of a monounsaturated fatty acid. Common representative monounsaturated fatty acids together with their names and typical sources are listed in the table. The prefix cis-9<\/em> in the systematic name of palmitoleic acid denotes that the position of the double bond is between carbons 9 and 10. Two possible conformations, cis<\/em> and trans<\/em>, can be taken by the two CH2<\/sub> groups immediately adjacent to the double-bonded carbons. In the cis<\/em> configuration, the one occurring in all biological unsaturated fatty acids, the two adjacent carbons lie on the same side of the double-bonded carbons. In the trans<\/em> configuration, the two adjacent carbons lie on opposite sides of the double-bonded carbons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

trivial name<\/th>systematic name<\/th>number of carbons in chain<\/th>typical sources<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
palmitoleic acid<\/td>cis-9-hexadecenoic acid<\/td>16<\/td>marine algae, pine oil<\/td><\/tr>
oleic acid<\/td>cis-9-octadecenoic acid<\/td>18<\/td>animal tissues, olive oil<\/td><\/tr>
gadoleic acid<\/td>cis-9-eicosenoic acid<\/td>20<\/td>fish oils (cod, sardine)<\/td><\/tr>
erucic acid<\/td>cis-13-docosenoic acid<\/td>22<\/td>rapeseed oil<\/td><\/tr>
nervonic acid<\/td>cis-15-tetracosenoic acid<\/td>24<\/td>sharks, brain tissue<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fatty acids containing more than one carbon-carbon double bond (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are found in relatively minor amounts. The multiple double bonds are almost always separated by a CH2<\/sub> group (\u2015CH2<\/sub>\u2015CH=CH\u2015CH2<\/sub>\u2015CH=CH\u2015CH2<\/sub>\u2015), a regular spacing motif that is the result of the biosynthetic mechanism by which the double bonds are introduced into the hydrocarbon chain. The table lists the most common polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic, together with several that are less common. Arachidonic acid (C20<\/sub>) is of particular interest as the precursor of a family of molecules, known as eicosanoids (from Greek eikosi<\/em>, \u201ctwenty\u201d), that includes prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. These compounds, produced by cells under certain conditions, have potent physiological properties, as explained in the section Intracellular and extracellular messengers. Animals cannot synthesize two important fatty acids, linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), that are the precursors of the eicosanoids and so must obtain them in the diet from plant sources. For this reason, these precursors are called essential fatty acids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
trivial name<\/th>systematic name<\/th>number of carbons in chain<\/th>typical sources<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
linoleic acid<\/td>cis-9-, cis-12-octadecadienoic acid<\/td>18<\/td>corn oil, animal tissues, bacteria<\/td><\/tr>
linolenic acid<\/td>cis-9-, cis-12-, cis-15-octadecatrienoic acid<\/td>18<\/td>animal tissues<\/td><\/tr>
5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid<\/td>20<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid<\/td>20<\/td>brain tissue<\/td><\/tr>
7,10,13-docosatrienoic acid<\/td>22<\/td>phospholipids<\/td><\/tr>
8,11,14-docosatrienoic acid<\/td>22<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
arachidonic acid<\/td>5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid<\/td>20<\/td>liver, brain tissue<\/td><\/tr>
4,7,10,13-docosatetraenoic acid<\/td>22<\/td>brain tissue<\/td><\/tr>
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid<\/td>22<\/td>brain tissue<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Trans polyunsaturated fatty acids, although not produced biosynthetically by mammals, are produced by microorganisms in the gut of ruminant animals such as cows and goats, and they are also produced synthetically by partial hydrogenation of fats and oils in the manufacture of margarine (the so-called trans<\/em> fats). There is evidence that ingestion of trans<\/em> fats can have deleterious metabolic effects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The term unsaturated indicates that fewer than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms are bonded to each carbon in the molecule. The number of double bonds is indicated by the generic name\u2014monounsaturated for molecules with one double bond or polyunsaturated for molecules with two or more double bonds. Oleic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lipids"],"Cooking_time":"","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions\/39"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}