Naturally occurring DNA molecules can be circular or linear. The genomes of single-celled\u00a0bacteria\u00a0and\u00a0archaea\u00a0(the\u00a0prokaryotes), as well as the genomes of\u00a0mitochondria\u00a0and\u00a0chloroplasts\u00a0(certain functional structures within the cell), are circular molecules. In addition, some bacteria and archaea have smaller circular DNA molecules called\u00a0plasmids\u00a0that typically contain only a few genes. Many plasmids are readily transmitted from one cell to another. For a typical bacterium, the genome that encodes all of the genes of the organism is a single\u00a0contiguous\u00a0circular molecule that contains a half million to five million base pairs. The genomes of most\u00a0eukaryotes\u00a0and some prokaryotes contain linear DNA molecules called\u00a0chromosomes. Human DNA, for example, consists of 23 pairs of linear chromosomes containing three billion base pairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In all cells, DNA does not exist free in solution but rather as a protein-coated complex called chromatin. In prokaryotes, the loose coat of proteins on the DNA helps to shield the negative charge of the phosphodiester backbone. Chromatin also contains proteins that control\u00a0gene\u00a0expression and determine the characteristic shapes of chromosomes. In eukaryotes, a section of DNA between 140 and 200 base pairs long winds around a discrete set of eight positively charged proteins called a histone, forming a spherical structure called the nucleosome. Additional histones are wrapped by successive sections of DNA, forming a series of nucleosomes like beads on a string. Transcription and replication of DNA is more complicated in eukaryotes because the nucleosome complexes have to be at least partially disassembled for the processes to proceed effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most prokaryote\u00a0viruses\u00a0contain linear genomes that typically are much shorter and contain only the genes necessary for viral\u00a0propagation. Bacterial viruses called\u00a0bacteriophages\u00a0(or phages) may contain both linear and circular forms of DNA. For instance, the genome of bacteriophage \u03bb (lambda), which infects the bacterium\u00a0Escherichia coli<\/em>, contains 48,502 base pairs and can exist as a linear molecule packaged in a\u00a0protein\u00a0coat. The DNA of phage \u03bb can also exist in a circular form (as described in the section\u00a0Site-specific recombination) that is able to\u00a0integrate\u00a0into the circular genome of the host bacterial cell. Both circular and linear genomes are found among eukaryotic viruses, but they more commonly use\u00a0RNA\u00a0as the genetic material.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Naturally occurring DNA molecules can be circular or linear. The genomes of single-celled\u00a0bacteria\u00a0and\u00a0archaea\u00a0(the\u00a0prokaryotes), as well as the genomes of\u00a0mitochondria\u00a0and\u00a0chloroplasts\u00a0(certain functional structures within the cell), are circular molecules. In addition, some bacteria and archaea have smaller circular DNA molecules called\u00a0plasmids\u00a0that typically contain only a few genes. Many plasmids are readily transmitted from one cell to another. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nucleic-acids"],"Cooking_time":"","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1854"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1855,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1854\/revisions\/1855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}