Several other optical techniques used in\u00a0chemistry\u00a0have been applied to the analysis of carbohydrates. Infrared\u00a0spectroscopy, used to measure vibrational and rotational excitation of molecules, and\u00a0nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, which measures the excitation of certain components of molecules in a\u00a0magnetic field\u00a0induced by radio-frequency radiation, are valuable, although the similarity of the functional groups (i.e., the\u00a0hydroxyl\u00a0groups) limits use of the former technique for most sugars.\u00a0Proton\u00a0magnetic-resonance\u00a0spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance applied to protons (H atoms), is employed to identify the relative spatial arrangements of individual\u00a0hydrogen\u00a0atoms in a\u00a0molecule. When they are precisely placed, the corresponding positions of the hydroxyl groups attached to the same\u00a0carbon\u00a0atom\u00a0can be deduced. An extension of this technique utilizes the resonance spectroscopy of carbon-13, a nonradioactive isotope of carbon, so that ring structures can be established with great accuracy. Both the proton and carbon\u00a0magnetic resonance\u00a0methods are best applied to monosaccharides; they are less valuable in studying polysaccharides because an individual hydrogen atom in a large molecule is too small for accurate detection.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Several other optical techniques used in\u00a0chemistry\u00a0have been applied to the analysis of carbohydrates. Infrared\u00a0spectroscopy, used to measure vibrational and rotational excitation of molecules, and\u00a0nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, which measures the excitation of certain components of molecules in a\u00a0magnetic field\u00a0induced by radio-frequency radiation, are valuable, although the similarity of the functional groups (i.e., the\u00a0hydroxyl\u00a0groups) limits use of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-carbohydrates"],"Cooking_time":"","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1773"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1774,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1773\/revisions\/1774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1773"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1773"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}