{"id":1753,"date":"2024-03-02T17:02:26","date_gmt":"2024-03-02T17:02:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/?p=1753"},"modified":"2024-03-02T17:02:27","modified_gmt":"2024-03-02T17:02:27","slug":"chemical-reactions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/2024\/03\/02\/chemical-reactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemical reactions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The reactions of the\u00a0monosaccharides\u00a0can be conveniently subdivided into those associated with the\u00a0aldehyde\u00a0or keto group and those associated with the\u00a0hydroxyl\u00a0groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The relative ease with which sugars containing a free or potentially free aldehyde or keto group can be\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/oxidation\">oxidized<\/a>\u00a0to form products has been known for a considerable time and once was the basis for the detection of these so-called reducing sugars in a variety of sources. For many years, analyses of blood\u00a0glucose\u00a0and urinary glucose were carried out by a procedure involving the use of an alkaline\u00a0copper\u00a0compound. Because the reaction has undesirable features\u2014extensive destruction of carbohydrate structure occurs, and the reaction is not very specific (i.e., sugars other than glucose give similar results) and does not result in the formation of readily identifiable products\u2014blood and urinary glucose now are analyzed by using the\u00a0enzyme\u00a0glucose oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to products that include\u00a0hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide then is used to oxidize a\u00a0dye\u00a0present in the reaction mixture; the intensity of the colour is directly proportional to the amount of glucose initially present. The enzyme, glucose oxidase, is highly specific for \u03b2-D-glucose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In another reaction, the aldehyde group of glucose\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/74\/16974-004-CB4A415E\/Carbohydrates-aldehydo-group-glucose-formula.jpg\" alt=\"Carbohydrates. the aldehydo group of glucose [formula]\">\u00a0reacts with alkaline iodine to form a class of\u00a0compounds\u00a0called aldonic acids. One important aldonic acid is ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an essential dietary component for humans and\u00a0guinea pigs. The formation of similar acid derivatives does not occur with the keto sugars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/73\/16973-004-C5D64AFA\/Carbohydrates-formula-ascorbic-acid-vitamin-C.jpg\" alt=\"Carbohydrates. formula for ascorbic acid, vitamin C (L-gulonolactone-2,3-enediol)\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Either the aldehyde or the keto group of a sugar may be reduced (i.e.,\u00a0hydrogen\u00a0added) to form an\u00a0alcohol; compounds formed in this way are called alditols, or\u00a0sugar alcohols. The product formed as a result of the\u00a0reduction\u00a0of the aldehyde carbon of\u00a0D-glucose is called\u00a0sorbitol (D-glucitol).\u00a0D-Glucitol also is formed when\u00a0L-sorbose is reduced. The reduction of mannose results in mannitol, that of\u00a0galactose\u00a0in dulcitol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sugar alcohols that are of commercial importance include sorbitol (D-glucitol), which is commonly used as a\u00a0sweetening agent, and\u00a0D-mannitol, which is also used as a sweetener, particularly in chewing gums, because it has a limited\u00a0water\u00a0solubility and remains powdery and granular on long storage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The reactions of the\u00a0monosaccharides\u00a0can be conveniently subdivided into those associated with the\u00a0aldehyde\u00a0or keto group and those associated with the\u00a0hydroxyl\u00a0groups. The relative ease with which sugars containing a free or potentially free aldehyde or keto group can be\u00a0oxidized\u00a0to form products has been known for a considerable time and once was the basis for the detection of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-carbohydrates"],"Cooking_time":"","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1753"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1754,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1753\/revisions\/1754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cake.appscodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}