Alkenes

Organic compounds are termed alkenes if they contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The shared electron pair of one of the bonds is a σ bond. The second pair of electrons occupies space on both sides of the σ bond; this shared pair constitutes a pi (π) bond. A π bond forms a region of increased electron density because the electron pair is more distant from the positively charged carbon nuclei than is the electron pair of the σ bond . Even though a carbon-carbon double bond is very strong, a π bond will draw to itself atoms or atomic groupings that are electron-deficient, thereby initiating a process of bond-breaking that can lead to rupture of the π bond and formation of new σ bonds. A simple example of an alkene reaction, which illustrates the way in which the electronic properties of a functional group determine its reactivity, is the addition of molecular hydrogen to form alkanes, which contain only σ bonds.

Such reactions, in which the π bond of an alkene reacts to form two new σ bonds, are energetically favourable because the new bonds formed (two carbon-hydrogen σ bonds) are stronger than the bonds broken (one carbon-carbon π bond and one hydrogen-hydrogen σ bond). Because the addition of atoms to the π bond of alkenes to form new σ bonds is a general and characteristic reaction of alkenes, alkenes are said to be unsaturated. Alkanes, which cannot be transformed by addition reactions into molecules with a greater number of σ bonds, are said to be saturated.

The alkene functional group is an important one in chemistry and is widespread in nature. Some common examples (shown here) include ethylene (used to make polyethylene), 2-methyl-1,3-butadieneisoprene (used to make rubber), and vitamin A (essential for vision).

For ethene, both the carbon atoms of an alkene and the four atoms connected to the double bond lie in a single plane.